Disclaimer: this is not a prescription. Using medicines without the guidance of a licensed provider can be lethal. The KDIGO guidelines define AKI as follows: 1. Increase in serum creatinine by _>0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours, or 2. Increase in serum creatinine ...
Disclaimer: this is not a prescription. Using medicines without the guidance of a licensed provider can be lethal. >20:1 prerenal. Example: dehydration 10-20:1 normal or postrenal. Example:kidney stones. <10:1 intrarenal. Example: A TN,...
Diuretics forms one of the base pillars in treating hypertension and edema. These groups of drugs increases  rate of urine flow. Based on their mechanism of action their efficacy varies. Before moving into diuretics I would recommend to revise renal physiology which...
General Considerations All nephrons have one glomerular apparatus each. Each glomerular apparatus is a critical contributor to the renal function. Here are the functions performed by the glomerular apparatus. Notice that the tubular secretion and reabsorption is not...
Urine is formed in the kidney's nephrons by a combination of following three processes: Filtration Tubular Secretion Reabsorption Note: some books mention excretion and water conservation as processes as well. We feel that the excretion is not a process of urine...
Kidneys perform following categories of functions: Homeostasis Urine Formation Hormone Secretion Homeostasis Kidney play a critical role to maintain healthy serum, interstitial, and intracellular environments. Here are the some of the homeostatic functions that...
Color Kidney in the fresh state has reddish-brown. Dimensions 11 cm long 6 cm wide 3 cm thick Weight Males: 150 g Females: 135 g General Relations Retroperitoneal organ Lies on the ventral surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle. Lateral to the psoas major, psoas...
