Chest X Ray is probably the most common imaging test. Few providers (including MDs) are comfortable interpreting their own films. Clinical decisions are too often made based on reports from non-clinicians. Having a systematic and repetitive approach is the key....
The development of heart tubes is a crucial process in early embryonic formation, marking the beginning of heart development. It starts around the third week of gestation, where mesodermal cells form two endocardial tubes on either side of the embryo.
Willie Sutton, a legendary bank robber, escaped from prison three times and always returned to bank robbing. When asked why he robbed banks he gave what has become an iconic reply: “ … because that’s where the money is.” The HPI orients the clinician to the patient’s...
Diuretics forms one of the base pillars in treating hypertension and edema. These groups of drugs increases rate of urine flow. Based on their mechanism of action their efficacy varies. Before moving into diuretics I would recommend to revise renal physiology which...
There are different hormones related to gastrointestinal system which plays important role in digestion of the food. These hormones are related to each other and in different pathological condition, their production may increase or decrease leading to derangement of...
The process that produces an alteration in DNA or chromosome's structure or number is known as mutation. The term 'mutation' was coined by Hugo Marie de Vries in 1901. Any agent that cause mutation or increase the rate of mutation is known as mutagen. Chromosomal...
Any medical concept and for that matter any item to be memorized has following needs, acquire the concept, commit it to short and then long term memory, attach a handle to it for later recall, and rapid recall. While flying for AANP conference I sat back in my seat...
A chromosome abnormality or a chromosomal disorder is a missing or irregular or extra portion of chromosomal DNA. usually occur when there is an error in cell division following meiosis or mitosis. are generally not inherited but occur as random events during the...
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart’s ability to pump blood is inadequate to meet the body’s needs. It results from various cardiovascular issues, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and cardiomyopathy. Key symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, and abdomen, and persistent coughing or wheezing.
The study and analysis of inheritance as a result of monohybrid crosses is called one-gene inheritance. The cross between true-breeding pea plants with tall stems and dwarf stems is represent Mendel’s monohybrid crosses. When Mendel crossed true breeding tall plants...
