What disease/condition doubles the risk of CVS diseases? A. Diabetes B. Smoking C. Hypertension D. Alcoholism E. Liver cirrhosis
CVS Question
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CNS Question (Huntington’s Disease)
A 32 years old male patient has recently stopped going to his job and is complaining of depression. He is having difficulty remembering things and focusing on tasks. He mentions that he has noticed involuntary ticks in his fingers. He is very worried for his health....
Message for Every Medical Student
When scientists are looking for presence of water in some other planets, we doctors are trying our best to know as much details as possible about our own body. Starting from the days when dead bodies were stolen from the graveyard so that they can learn about the...
Glomerular Apparatus
General Considerations All nephrons have one glomerular apparatus each. Each glomerular apparatus is a critical contributor to the renal function. Here are the functions performed by the glomerular apparatus. Notice that the tubular secretion and reabsorption is not...
Introduction to the Urine Formation
Urine is formed in the kidney's nephrons by a combination of following three processes: Filtration Tubular Secretion Reabsorption Note: some books mention excretion and water conservation as processes as well. We feel that the excretion is not a process of urine...
Renal Physiology – General Concepts
Kidneys perform following categories of functions: Homeostasis Urine Formation Hormone Secretion Homeostasis Kidney play a critical role to maintain healthy serum, interstitial, and intracellular environments. Here are the some of the homeostatic functions that...
Kidney Anatomy – General Features
Color Kidney in the fresh state has reddish-brown. Dimensions 11 cm long 6 cm wide 3 cm thick Weight Males: 150 g Females: 135 g General Relations Retroperitoneal organ Lies on the ventral surface of the quadratus lumborum muscle. Lateral to the psoas major, psoas...
Histology of Human Gut
The wall of the human alimentary canal consists of four distinct layers: the mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis and serosa. Mucosa - The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that is surrounding the lumen (open space within the tube). This layer...
Magnesium: Unexplored Mineral
Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in numerous bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar control, and bone health. Despite its importance, magnesium often remains underappreciated. Many people do not get enough magnesium from their diet, which can lead to deficiencies with symptoms like muscle cramps, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats. Good dietary sources of magnesium include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
The Harshest Critic
We all know who the harshest critic is. And no, it’s not your mom or your dad. It’s you. Expectations are useful as a driving force as you strive to achieve the goals of your life, but when they take a turn to the dark side, they can be your worst nightmare. Growing...